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Fabric Formwork Resources

OTHER ONLINE RESOURCES 

Lectures by Mark West on Youtube

Pressure Building: A New Architectural Language of Fabric-Formed Concrete

New York Institute of Technology School of Architecture and Design 
October 17, 2016 in NYC   
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQdvEWBZVks  (1:49:10)


The Secret Life of Structures The Edward and Mary Allen Lecture in Structural Design. MIT Architecture
November 18, 2015   (1:31.04)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZJ4mQpDxew





11.15.16 Bound to Happen The Cooper Union Nov. 15, 2016  (1:15:16)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjKrBmG8-kE




Heavy Light — Fabric-Formed Concrete Structures
ETH Zurich, Block research Group
June 30, 2011  (57:10)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36gOx3dguWs
 
Fab-Form Industries Ltd.
http://fab-form.com/.
 
Kenzo Unno – Umi Architecture Atelier
http://www.umi-aa.com
 
Dr. Remo Pedreschi, University of Edinburgh
https://sites.eca.ed.ac.uk/fabricformedconcrete/
https://sites.eca.ed.ac.uk/fabricformedconcrete/fabric-formed-concrete/

Sandy Lawton, ArroDesign
http://www.arrodesign.org/fabric-formed-concrete/f-f-concrete-for-architecture/
 
Ronnie Araya
http://ronniearaya.com

Concretely Blogspot 
http://concretely.blogspot.com

BIBLIOGRAPHY

​The following list of books, articles and patents, includes both recent and historical references on fabric formwork architectural and non-architectural uses, including underwater and  geotechical applications and inflatable formworks. [Thanks to the extraordiary  Diederik Veenendaal for assembling this extensive bibliography]


​











​
​PATENTS

The patents included in the bibliography (left) are all listed separately here (below):
​Abdelgader, H., West, M., and Górski,
J. 2008. “State of-the-Art Report
on Fabric Formwork.” International
Conference on Construction and
Building Technology, Malaysia: ICCBT,
pp. 93–106
 
Al Awwadi Ghaib, M. and Górski,
J. 2001. “Mechanical Properties of
Concrete Cast in Fabric Formworks.”
Cement and Concrete Research, 31:
1459–1465.
 
Allen, E. and Zalewski, W. 2009.
Form and Forces: Designing Efficient,
Expressive Structures. Hoboken, NJ:
John Wiley and Sons.
 
Anon. 1960. “Building in the Tropics.”
New Scientist, August 25: 520.
Anon. 1968. Obituary: “James
Hardress de Warrenne Waller (1884–
1968).” ICE Proceedings, 41 (3):
443–444.
 
Araya, R. and West, M. 2012. “Flat-
Sheet Fabric Molds for Double
Curvature Precast Concrete
Elements.” Proceedings or the 2nd
International Conference on Flexible
Formwork. Bath University, Bath,
England. June 27–29, 2012.
 
Baily, R.W. 1943. Apparatus and
Method for Molding Concrete, US
Patent 2,311,358, filed November 25,
1940, and issued February 16, 1943.
 
Billner, K.P. 1936. Method of and
Apparatus for Treating Concrete. US
Patent 2,046,867, filed April 8, 1935,
and issued July 7, 1936.
 
Billner, K.P. 1943. Building
Construction. US Patent 2,324,554,
filed August 12, 1940, and issued July
20, 1943.
 
Billner, K.P. 1953. Method of Molding
Concrete Structures. US Patent
2,624,931, filed February 28, 1951,
and issued January 13, 1953.
 
Bindhoff, E.W. and King, J.C. 1982.
“World’s Largest Installation of
Fabric-Formed Pile Jackets.” Civil
Engineering – ASCE, 52 (3): 68–70.
Bini, D. 1969. Method for Erecting
Structures. US Patent 3,462,521,
filed December 12, 1966, and issued
August 19, 1969.
 
Bird, W.W., Rongved, P.I., Strobel,
P.A., and Zamore, D.P. 1964. Building
Construction. US Patent 3,139,464,
filed July 22, 1960, and issued June
30, 1964.
 
Boyle, J.M. 1907. Apparatus for
Molding Hollow Objects from Cement.
US Patent 857,582, filed January 23,
1907, and issued June 25, 1907.
 
Cannon, E.W. and Boyes, R.G.H.
1987. “Permeable Woven Fabric
Formwork.” Civil Engineering: March:
29–33.
 
Chandler, A. (and Pedreschi, R. (eds)
2007. Fabric formwork. London: RIBA
Publishing.
 
Chenoweth, A.C. 1916. Protective
Reinforced Concrete Construction. US
Patent 1,187,502, filed July 10, 1913,
and issued June 20, 1916.
 
Condie, C.C. 1911. Revetment-
Mattress. US Patent 984,121, filed
June 11, 1910, and issued February
14, 1911.
 
Conlon, C. 2011. “The Innovations
and Influence of Irish Engineer James
Hardress de Warenne Waller.” PhD
Diss., University College Dublin.
 
Courcy, J.W. de. 1989. “Concrete in
Cork.” The Irish Concrete Society
Southern Region, pp. 1–20.
 
Cron, F.W. 1970. “Effect of Absorptive
Form Liner on Surface Durability
of Concrete.” Public Roads, 36 (3):
53–59.
 
Delap, H., O’Sullivan, D.P., and
Ross, A., 1969. “James Hardress
de Warrenne Waller: Master of
Engineering, Master of Science,
Member of the Institution of Civil
Engineers, Member of the Institution
of Civil Engineers of Ireland: 1884–
1968.” Chertsey, Surrey: Charles
Burrel & Son Ltd.
 
Delijani, F. 2010. “The Evaluation of
Changes in Concrete Properties Due
to Fabric Formwork.” Master’s thesis,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
 
Engel, H. 2007. Structural Systems.
Stuttgart: Hatje Cantz.
Faber, C. 1963. Candela: The
Shell Builder. New York: Reinhold
Publishing Corporation.
 
Farrar, D., Davidson, J.C.F., & Harris,
T.G.M. 1937. Construction of Roofs,
Floors, Ceilings and the Like. US
Patent 2,096,629, filed May 29, 1935,
and issued October 19, 1937.
 
Fearn, R. 2012. Monopour Form. US
Patent 8,286,398, filed July 15, 2009,
and issued October 16, 2012.
 
Fearn, R.N. 1993. Building Foundation
and Floor Assembly. US Patent
5,224,321, filed July 16, 1992, and
issued July 6, 1993.
 
Fearn, R.N. 1998. Concrete Foundation
Wall Form Apparatus and Method. US
Patent 5,794,393, filed May 29, 1996,
and issued August 18, 1998.
References and patents 283
 
Fearn, R.N. 2002. Reusable Building
Foundation Form Apparatus and
Method. US Patent 6,343,894, filed
December 27, 1999, and issued
February 5, 2002.
 
Fernández-Galiano, L. 2003. AV
Monografias 101. Miguel Fisac.
Madrid: Arquitectura Viva.
Fisac, M. 2010. Carta a mis sobrinos
(estudiantes de arquitectura). Ciudad
Real: Fundación Miguel Fisac.
 
Fletcher, M. 1917. Method and Means
for Forming Concrete Structural
Members. US Patent 1,241,945, filed
May 28, 1917, and issued October 2,
1917.
 
Gebhardt, W. 1972. Verfahren
zum satten Anschließen eines
Betonkörpers an eine unregelmäßig
geformte Fläche unter Verwendung
elastischer Schalungen. German
Patent Application 2,062,998, filed
December 22, 1970, and published
July 13, 1972.
 
Ghaib, M. Al Awwadi, and Górski,
J. 2001. “Mechanical Properties of
Concrete Cast in Fabric Formworks.”
Cement and Concrete Research, 31:
1459–1465.
 
Govan, J. and Ashenhurst, H.S. 1928.
Building Construction. US Patent
1,671,946, filed March 3, 1925, and
issued May 19, 1928.
 
Hale, L.E. 1988. Inflatable Form for
Concrete Structures. US Patent
4,723,751, filed July 21, 1986, and
issued February 9, 1988.
 
Harrington, H. 1964. Method
and Apparatus for Constructing
a Concrete Structure. US Patent
3,118,010, filed October 10, 1960, and
issued January 14, 1964.
 
Harrington, H. 1971. Method and
Apparatus for Construction of
Concrete Shells. US Patent 3,619,432,
filed September 17, 1968, and issued
November 9, 1971.
 
Heifetz, H. 1972. Inflatable Forms. US
Patent 3,643,910, 1972, filed March 7,
1969, and issued February 22, 1972.
Hillen, H.F.J. 1969. Form for
Constructing a Slab for Talus or
Bottom Protection. US Patent Pat.
3,425,227, filed October 22, 1965, and
issued February 4, 1969.
 
Hirth, W.G. 1963. Schalung zum
Herstellen von Betonwänden unter
Wasser, beispielsweise von Molen.
German Patent 1,135,381, filed
December 20, 1960, and issued
March 7, 1963.
 
Iosilevskii, G. 2009. Shape of a Soft
Container Under Hydrostatic Load.
Journal of Applied Mechanics, 77 (1).
Isler, H. 1960. “New Shapes for
Shells.” Bulletin of the International
Association of Shell and Spatial
Structures, 8.
 
Kersavage, J.A. 1975. Method
for Constructing a Tensile-stress
Structure and Resultant Structures.
US Patent 3,927,496, filed March 18,
1974, and issued December 23, 1975.
 
Knott, A. and Nez, G. 2005. Latex
Concrete Habitat. Canada: Trafford
Publishing Company.
 
Koerner, R.M. and Welsh, J. 1980.
“Fabric Forms Conform to Any
Shape.” Concrete Construction
Magazine, 25 (5): 401–409.
 
Koerner, R.M. and Welsh, J.P. 1980.
Construction and Geotechnical
Engineering Using Synthetic Fabrics.
Somerset: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
 
Lamberton, B.A. 1967. Method of
Forming Piles. US Patent 3,309878,
filed September 3, 1964, and issued
March 21, 1967.
 
Lamberton, B.A. 1968a. Method
and Arrangements for Protecting
Shorelines. US Patent 3,396,542, filed
October 5, 1965, and issued August
13, 1968.
 
Lamberton, B.A. 1968b. Method
for Encasing Rigid Members with
Concrete. US Patent 3,397,260, filed
June 26, 1967, and issued August 13,
1968.
 
Lamberton, B.A. 1968c. Method of
Forming Concrete Bodies. US Patent
3,396,545, filed April 7, 1965, and
issued August 13, 1968.
 
Lamberton, B.A. 1969. Fabric forms
for concrete structures. US Patent
3,425,228, filed October 10, 1967, and
issued February 4, 1969.
 
Lamberton, B.A. 1970. Method and
Apparatus for Forming Elongated
Hardened Concrete Bodies by
Pressure Grouting. US Patent
3,492,823, filed March 30, 1967, and
issued February 3, 1970.
 
Lamberton, B. 1973. Means for
Encasing Rigid Members with
Concrete. US Patent 3,708,146,
filed December 7, 1970, and issued
January 2, 1973.
 
Lamberton, B.A. 1989. “Fabric
Formwork for Concrete.” Concrete
International, (December): 58–67.
 
Lee, D.S.H. 2007. “Some Technical
Aspects of the Use of Fabric
Formwork.” In Fabric Formwork, by
A. Chandler and R. Pedreschi, pp.
77–83. London: RIBA Publishing.
 
Lee, D. 2010. “Study of Construction
Methodology and Structural
Behaviour of Fabric-formed Formefficient
Reinforced Concrete Beam.”
PhD diss., University of Edinburgh.
 
Lee, H.W. 2012. “Enhancement in
Surface Quality of Concrete when
Cast in Fabric.” MEng thesis,
University of Bath, Department of
Architecture and Civil Engineering.
 
Liepold, H., 2007. „Das Leben von
Gustav Lilienthal. Miteinanderwohnen,
Mitteilungsblatt der Gemeinnützigen
Baugenossenschaft Freie Scholle.“
zu Berlin eG., (May), (August),
(December).
 
Lilienthal, G. 1890. „Das Vororthaus
für eine Familie.“ Prometheus:
Zeitschrift für Technik, Wissenschaft
und Industrie, 2 (54): 21–26.
 
Lilienthal, G. 1898. Decke. German
Patent 100,194, filed September 8,
1897, and issued December 13, 1898.
 
Lilienthal, L.W.G. 1899a. Fireproof
Ceiling. US Patent 619,769, filed May
17, 1898, and issued February 21,
1899a.
 
Lilienthal, G. 1899b. Improvements in
the Construction of Fireproof Floors.
British Patent 10,046, filed May 2,
1898, and issued February 25, 1899.
 
Malone, P.G. 1999. Use of Permeable
Formwork in Placing and Curing
Concrete. Vicksburg: U.S. Army
Engineer Research and Development
Center.
 
Marosszeky, M., Chew, M., Arioka,
M., and Peck, P.1993. “Textile
Form Method to Improve Concrete
Durability.” Concrete International
(Building Research Centre, University
of New South Wales), (November):
37–42.
 
Neff, W. 1942. Building Construction.
US Patent 2,270,229, filed April 3,
1941, and issued January 20, 1942.
Neff, W. 1959. Improved Method
of Erecting Shellform Concrete
Structures. US Patent 2,892,239, filed
June 19, 1952, and issued June 30,
1959.
 
Nolan, E., Basheer, P.A.M., and Long,
A.E. 1995. “Effects of Three Durability
Enhancing Products.” Construction
and Building Materials, 9 (5): 261–272.
Orr, J. 2012. “Flexible formwork for
Concrete Structures.” PhD diss.,
University of Bath, Department of Civil
Engineering and Architecture.
 
Orr, J.J., Darby, A.P., Ibell, T.J.,
Evernden, M.C., and Otlet, M. 2011.
“Concrete Structures Using Fabric
Formwork.” Structural Engineer, 89:
20–26.
 
Orr, J.J., Evernden, M., Darby, A.P.
and Ibell, T.J. 2012. Proceedings of
the Second International Conference
on Flexible Formwork, 27–29 June
2012, University of Bath, England.
Otto, F. and Rasch, B. 1996. Finding
Form: Towards an Architecture of
the Minimal. Stuttgart: Edition Axel
Menges.
 
Palmer, M.T. 2009. “Hormigón en Obra
– Forma Resistente 6.1 Equem+Jolly
Baixas+del Rio Izquierdo+Lehmann
Radic+Correa” (“Works in Concrete”).
Santiago Chile: Editado por Ediciones
ARQ, pp. 24–8.
 
Parameswaran, V.S. 2002. “G.S.
Ramaswamy.” Current Science, 83 (3):
330.
 
Parker, S.A. 1971. Concrete Building.
US Patent 3,619,959, filed July 7,
1968, and issued November 16, 1971.
 
Pildysh, M. and Wilson, K. 1983.
“Cooling Ponds Lined with Fabric-
Formed Concrete.” Concrete
International, 5 (9): 32–5.
 
Pildysh, M. and Wilson, K. 1983.
“Cooling Ponds Lined with Fabric-
Formed Concrete.” Concrete
International, September issue.
 
Price, W.F. 2000. “Controlled
Permeability Formwork.” London:
Construction Industry Research and
Information Association.
 
Price, W.F. and Widdows, S.J.
1991. “The Effect of Permeable
Formwork on the Surface Properties
of Concrete.” Magazine of Concrete
Research, 43: 93–104.
 
Prouvost, F. 1977. Construction of
Houses or Similar Buildings by Means
of an Inflatable Structure. US Patent
4,094,109, filed February 22, 1977,
and issued June 13, 1978.
 
Rabasco, P. 2011. “El sistema
Ctesiphonte. Evolución de la
estructura catenaria.” Informes de la
Construcci.n, 63 (522): 43–5.
 
Ramaswamy, G.S. 1984. Design and
Construction of Concrete Shell Roofs.
Malabar: Robert E. Krieger.
 
Ramaswamy, G.S. and Chetty, S.M.K.
1960. “A New Form of Doubly Curved
Shell for Roofs and Floors.” Bulletin of
the International Association for Shell
Structures, (1): 49–56.
 
Ramaswamy, G.S., Chetty, S.M.K.,
and Bhargava, R.N. 1958. “Casting
and Testing a Shell Roof Unit.” Civil
Engineering and Public Works Review,
53 (628): 1155–7.
 
Reddi, S.A. 1992. “Permeable
Formwork for Impermeable Concrete.”
Indian Concrete Journal, 66: 31–5.
 
Redjvani, A. 1999. Flexible Formwork
Assembly. US Patent 5,857,293,
filed November 4, 1994, and issued
January 12, 1999.
 
Redjvani, A. and Wheen, R.J. 1995a.
“Fabulous Flexible Formwork – an
Australian Invention.” Australian
Concrete Construction, 8: 3–14.
 
Redjvani, A. and Wheen, R.J. 1995b.
“Flexible Formwork Systems.”
Concrete in Australia. 21: 21–3.
 
Redjvani, A. and Wheen, R.J. 1995c.
“Flexible Formwork System for
Construction of Marine Structures
(patent pending).” 12th Australasian
Coastal & Ocean Engineering
Conference, Melbourne, pp. 401–10.
 
Sheil, Robert (ed.) 2012.
Manufacturing the Bespoke: Making
and Prototyping Architecture, AD
Reader. M. West, “The Fore Cast”.
London: John Wiley & Sons pp. 132–9.
 
Shigekazu, H., Sadao, U., and Kozo,
K. 1989. “Improvement of Concrete
Durability by Permeable Form.” 2nd
East Asia Conference on Structural
Engineering and Construction, January
1989, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 112–18.
 
Shmantsar, R.N., Kuznetsova, T.A.,
and Petrova, L.A. 1989. “Investigation
of Concrete in Absorbing Formwork.”
Power Technology and Engineering,
23: 665–8.
 
Sobek, W. 1986. “Concrete
Shells Constructed on Pneumatic
Formwork.” Shells, Membranes and
Space Frames, Proceedings IASS
Symposium, edited by K. Heki, Osaka,
1: 337–44.
 
Sobek, W. 1987. “Auf Pneumatisch
Gestützten Schalungen Hergestellte
Betonschalen.” PhD diss., University
of Stuttgart.
 
South, D.B. and South, B. 1979.
Building Structure and Method of
Making Same. US Patent 4,155,967,
filed March 7, 1977, and issued May
22, 1979.
 
Stepler, R. 1980. “Hypar Structures.
Light, easy to build, cheap – and
permanent.” Popular Science, 216 (2):
73, 74–7, 168.
 
Störe, J. 1922. Method of Constructing
Subaqueous Concrete Structures. US
Patent 1,421,857, filed May 27, 1920,
and issued July 4, 1922.
 
Turner, L.S. 1961. Method of Molding
a Building Structure by Spraying a
Foamed Plastic on the Inside of an
Inflated Form. US Patent 3,277,219,
filed March 27, 1961, and issued
October 4, 1966.
 
Veenendaal D., Coenders J.L.,
Vambersky J.N.J.A., and West, M.
2011. “Design and Optimization of
Fabric Formed Beams and Trusses:
Evolutionary algorithms and form
finding.” Structural Concrete Journal
of the FIB (the International Federation
of Structural Concrete), 12(4). 2011
Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektur
und technische Wissenschaften
GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin. Structural
Concrete: 241–54.
 
Veenendaal, D. and Block, P.
2014. “Design Process for a
Prototype Concrete Shell Using
a Hybrid Cable-net and Fabric
Formwork.” Engineering Structures,
75: 39–50.
 
Waller, J.H. de W. 1934. Method of
Building with Cementitious Material
Applied to Vegetable Fabrics. US
Patent 1,955,716, filed March 9, 1932,
and issued April 17, 1934.
 
Waller, J.H. de W. 1935. Method of
Constructing Canals and the Like. US
Patent 2,015,771, filed October 16,
1934, and issued October 1, 1935.
 
Waller, J.H. de W. and Aston, A. C.
1953. “Corrugated Shell Roofs.” ICE
Proceedings – Engineering Divisions
2(4): 153–82.
 
Waller, J.H. de W. 1953. “Go-downs
and Transit Sheds. A Ctesiphon
system of construction.” The Dock
and Harbour Authority, 34: 181–4.
 
Williams, J. 1996. “An Irish Genius: J
H De W Waller 1884–1968.” Irish Arts
Review Yearbook,12: 143–6.
 
West, M. 2003. “Fabric-formed
Concrete Members.” Concrete
International, October, 25(10): 55–60.
American Concrete Institute (ACI),
Farmington Hills, MI.
 
West, M. 2004a. “Prestressed Fabric
Formwork for Precast Concrete
Panels.” Concrete International,
April, 26(4): 60–2, American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
 
West, M. 2004b. “Fabric-formed
Concrete Columns for Casa Dent
in Culebra, Puerto Rico.” Concrete
International, June, 26(6): 42–5,
American Concrete Institute (ACI),
Farmington Hills, MI.
 
West, M. 2005. “Building a Way to
Build.” Proceedings of Association
of Collegiate Schools of Architecture
(ACSA) 2005 National Conference.
ACSA, Washington DC: 256–8.
 
West, M. 2009a. “Fabric Formwork
for Reinforced Concrete Structures
286 Fabric Formwork
 
WEST (Fabric Formwork Book) PRINT.indd 286 24/05/2016 15:10
and Architecture.” The Master Builder,
June, 11(6): 64–76, India.
 
West, M. 2009b. “Thin-shell Concrete
from Fabric Molds.” TensiNews
(Newsletter of the European Based
Network for the Design and Realization
of Tensile Structures), www.tensinet.
com, 17 September: 12–15.
 
West, M. 2013. “Fabric-formed
Precast Panels: Simple, economical,
formwork for natural forms and
structurally efficiency.” Facade
Tectonics Journal: Precast Concrete.
University of Southern California, LA:
93–100.
 
West, M., Abdelgader, H. S.,
and Górski, J. 2008. “State
of the Art Report on Fabric
Formwork.”Conference Proceedings,
7th International Congress, Concrete:
Construction’s Sustainable Option.
University of Dundee, Scotland, UK:
109–20.
 
West, M, Araya, R, Hashemian, F,
and Prakash, N. 2011a. “Self-forming
Fabric-formed Funicular Shells and
Moulds.” In Taller, Longer, Lighter:
meeting growing demand with limited
resources, edited by D. A. Nethercot
and S. Pellegrino. Proceedings of
IABSE-IASS Symposium 2011,
London.
 
West, M. and Araya, R. 2011b.
Arquitectura en hormigón con
tecnología de moldajes flexibles
– Centro para estructuras
arquitectónicas y tecnología (C.A.S.T.).
Trace Magazine Issue #2, 89–5.
Providencia, Santiago, Chile (http://
www.constructo.cl/).
 
West M. and Coar L. 2012.
“Biomimetic Construction.”
Proceedings from the 2012 Association
of Collegiate Schools of Architecture
International Conference in Barcelona.
ACSA, Washington DC: 235–40.
 
 































































































































































































































































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Baily, R.W. 1943. Apparatus and
Method for Molding Concrete. US
Patent 2,311,358, filed November 25,
1940, and issued February 16, 1943.
 
Billner, K.P. 1936. Method of and
Apparatus for Treating Concrete. US
Patent 2,046,867, filed April 8, 1935,
and issued July 7, 1936.
 
Billner, K.P. 1943. Building
Construction. US Patent 2,324,554,
filed August 12, 1940, and issued July
20, 1943.
 
Billner, K.P. 1953. Method of Molding
Concrete Structures. US Patent
2,624,931, filed February 28, 1951,
and issued January 13, 1953.
 
Bini, D. 1969. Method for Erecting
Structures. US Patent 3,462,521,
filed December 12, 1966, and issued
August 19, 1969.
 
Bird, W.W., Rongved, P.I., Strobel,
P.A., and Zamore, D.P. 1964. Building
Construction. US Patent 3,139,464,
filed July 22, 1960, and issued June
30, 1964.
 
Boyle, J.M. 1907. Apparatus for
Molding Hollow Objects from Cement.
US Patent 857,582, filed January 23,
1907, and issued June 25, 1907.
 
Chenoweth, A.C. 1916. Protective
Reinforced Concrete Construction. US
Patent 1,187,502, filed July 10, 1913,
and issued June 20, 1916.
 
Condie, C.C. 1911. Revetment-
Mattress. US Patent 984,121, filed
June 11, 1910, and issued February
14, 1911.
 
Farrar, D., Davidson, J.C.F., and
Harris, T.G.M. 1937. Construction of
Roofs, Floors, Ceilings and the Like.
US Patent 2,096,629, filed May 29,
1935, and issued October 19, 1937.
 
Fearn, R. 2012. Monopour Form. US
Patent 8,286,398, filed July 15, 2009,
and issued October 16, 2012.
 
Fearn, R.N. 1993. Building Foundation
and Floor Assembly. US Patent
5,224,321, filed July 16, 1992, and
issued July 6, 1993.
 
Fearn, R.N. 1998. Concrete
Foundation Wall Form Apparatus and
Method. US Patent 5,794,393, filed
May 29, 1996, and issued August 18,
1998.
 
Fearn, R.N. 2002. Reusable Building
Foundation Form Apparatus and
Method. US Patent 6,343,894, filed
December 27, 1999, and issued
February 5, 2002.
 
Fletcher, M. 1917. Method and Means
for Forming Concrete Structural
Members. US Patent 1,241,945, filed
May 28, 1917, and issued October 2,
1917.
 
Gebhardt, W. 1972. Verfahren
zum satten Anschließen eines
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